Person Page - 310

      Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold was a wise man, a man of truth and uprightness -- who made laws, observed them himself, and obliged others to observe them. And that violence should not come in place of the laws, he himself fixed the number of criminal acts in law, and the compensations, mulcts, or penalties, for each case, according to every one's birth and dignity.² King at Sogn.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold also went by the name of Halfdan "the Black". He married Ragnhildr Sigurdsdóttir, daughter of konungr á Hringaríki Sigurdr Hjörtr Helgasson and Thórný Klakk-Haraldsdóttir; His 2nd.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold married Ragnhild Haraldsdóttir, daughter of Haraldr Gullskeggr, konungr í Sogni; His 1st.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold witnessed the death of Hysing Gandulfsson of Vingulmark at near Lake Oieren, Eid; Killed in the battle he had brought against Halfdan the Black, by Halfdan.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold witnessed the death of Helsing Gandulfsson of Vingulmark at near Lake Oieren, Eid; Killed in the battle he had brought against Halfdan the Black, by Halfdan.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold was a witness where Hake Gandulfsson of Vingulmark fled after the defeat in battle of his brothers against Halfdan the Black at near Lake Oieren, Eid.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold was born circa 820. If he were the son of Gudrod the Hunting King, he would have been circa this timeframe. He was forty when he died in 860, so this does work out. He was the son of Gudrødr Veidikonung Hálfdanarson, King of Vestfold and Ása Haraldsdóttir.^1,2 Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold was a year old when his mother had his father murdered.^1,2 King at Southern Vestfold between 840 and 863.^1,3 He took his kingdom in Agder, that of his mother's father, Harald Redbeard, when he was eighteen years old.² King at Agder.² He was a witness where Óláfr Geirstad-Alf Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold divided the kingdom of his father's, now that his brother Halfdan was eighteen and had the kingdom with him, and Olaf got the eastern and Halfdan the southern part. Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold inherited Agder, got half the kingdom of Vestfold from his older brother Olaf, and the same autumn he went with an army to Vingulmark against King Gandalf.² He was unable to defeat King Gandalf, after fighting a series of battles in which one side, the the other, would win, but at last they agreed that Halfdan should have half of Vingulmark, as his father Gudrod had had it before.² He proceeded to Raumarike, and subdued it after killing Sigtryg, son of Eystein.² He witnessed the death of Sigtryggr Eysteinsson of Hedemark; Just as he was about to flee the battlefield where he had been defeated by Halfdan the Black, an arrow struck him under the left arm, and he fell dead.² Hálfdan Svarti Gudrødsson, King of Vestfold lost Raumerike to Sigtryg's brother, Eystein.² He returned to Raumerike where he defeated Eystein and then pursued the latter as he fled up to Hedemark.² He defeated Eystein in Hedemark and watched him flee northwards, up into the Dales to the herse Gudbrand, while he remained in Hedemark.² He was attacked by Eystein, who was reinforced with the men of the herse Gudbrand, including Gudbrand's son, Guthorm, who was one of the finest men in the Uplands, meeting upon a large island which lies in the Mjosen lake, and there a great battle was fought, and many people on both sides were slain, but Halfdan won the victory.² He forgave Eystein, on consideration of their relationship, and gave King Eystein half of Hedemark, which he and his relations had held before; but kept to himself Thoten, and the district called Land. He likewise appropriated to himself Hadeland, and thus became a mighty king.² He claimed the inheritance of his dead son, that of the kingdom of Sogn, with his army which was a great force, but well received by the people.² He proceeded to his kingdom in the Upplands (!) following his claiming Sogn.² He was attacked by Hysing and Helsing, sons of Gandalf, while in Vingulmark and though initially overpowered and forced to flee into the forest, the people came to him and he rejoined the battle, killing both Hysing and Helsing, and their brother Hake saved himself by flight.² He took possession of Vingulmark.² He died circa 860. He was driving from a feast in Hadeland, and it so happened that his road lay over the lake called Rand. The lake was normally frozen in the winter, but it was springtime, and some animal dung had fallen on it and weakened the ice, and he and many with him broke through and died. He was forty years old.⁴ . The people thought so much of him, that when his death was known and his body was floated to Ringerike to bury it there, the people of most consequence from Raumarike, Vestfold, and Hedemark came to meet it. All desired to take the body with them to bury it in their own district, and they thought that those who got it would have good crops to expect. At last it was agreed to divide the body into four parts. The head was laid in a mound at Stein in Ringerike, and each of the others took his part home and laid it in a mound; and these have since been called Halfdan's Mounds.²

     Wido I, Graf und Herzog von Spoleto-Camerino was Vogt of Kloster Mettlach at Saarland.¹ Count in Lorraine.¹ Also called duca di Spoleto Guido I di Spoleto.² He was born circa 798. He was the son of Graf von Nantes und Angers Lambert I von Nantes and N. N. (?).¹ Wido I, Graf und Herzog von Spoleto-Camerino was the successor of Berengar, duca di Spoleto; 20th Duke of Spoleto.³ Wido I, Graf und Herzog von Spoleto-Camerino returned north of the Alps with Lothar on Louis the Pious' death, where he recovered the Kloster Mettlach as the old family seat in 840 at Saarland.¹ 21st Duke of Spoleto at Italy between 842 and 860.⁴ He married Itana von Salerno, daughter of Sico, Gastald of Acerenza, circa 843.⁵ Wido I, Graf und Herzog von Spoleto-Camerino died circa 860.⁶ He was the predecessor of Lambert I, Herzog von Spoleto; 22nd Duke of Spoleto, 1st reign.⁷

     Also called Äbtissin von San Salvatore zu Brescia Gisla des Franken.² Gisela, Abbess Brescia was born in 830.¹ She was the daughter of Hlothar I, empereur auguste and Irmingard, Frankenkönigin, römische Kaiserin.¹ Äbtissin von S. Salvatore zu Brescia between 851 and 860.² Gisela, Abbess Brescia died in 860 at age 30 years.¹

     Also called Lord Nuño of Amaya. Nuño Nuñez "Rasura", señor de Amaya was born circa 825. He was the son of Nuño Rodríguez, señor de Amaya.⁴ Nuño Nuñez "Rasura", señor de Amaya married Argilo (?) before 855.^1,2 Nuño Nuñez "Rasura", señor de Amaya died after 860.^1,2

     Æthelbald, King of the English was born circa 829. He was the son of Æthelwulf, King of the English and Osburh of Hampshire.^1,2 Æthelbald, King of the English was a witness where Æthelwulf, King of the English undertook a pilgramage to Rome, and in this absence his first son, Æthelbald, began plotting against him with the Bishop of Sherbourne and the Ealdorman of Somerset in 855.³ Æthelbald, King of the English succeeded his father as King of Wessex in 855.² King of Wessex and of the English at England between 855 and 860.² He married Judith, Queen of England, daughter of Carolus II Calvus, empereur auguste and Ermentrudis d' Orléans, in 858 at Wessex, England; Her 2nd (widow).^2,4 Æthelbald, King of the English appeared in a charter which read "Æthelbald, king of Wessex, to Osmund, his minister; grant of 14 hides (cassati) at Teffont, Wilts" in 860.⁵ He died on 20 September 860. He died without issue.^6,2 Æthelbald, King of the English was buried in Sherborne Abbey, England.²

     Landone II, 3° Duca di Capua was born circa 840. He was the son of Landone I, 2° Duca di Capua. 3rd Duke of Capua at Italy in 861.¹ Landone II, 3° Duca di Capua died circa 861.

     Landone I, 2° Duca di Capua was born circa 810. He was the son of Landolfo I, Gastaldo di Capua, poi 1° Duca and N. N. of Benevento. Landone I, 2° Duca di Capua was the successor of Landolfo I, Gastaldo di Capua, poi 1° Duca; 1st Duke of Capua.^2,1 2nd Duke of Capua at Italy between 842 and 861.¹ Landone I, 2° Duca di Capua died circa 861.

     Graf von Parma Adelgisius I von Spoleto was born circa 800?. He was the son of Herzog von Spoleto Suppo I von Spoleto.¹ Graf von Parma Adelgisius I von Spoleto died after 861.²

     Graf im Kraichgau Sigihart von Kraichgau was the father of Graf von Ebersberg Sieghard I von Ebersberg; the son of Sigihart, Count in the Kraichgau.² Graf im Kraichgau Sigihart von Kraichgau was born circa 810?. He was the son of Graf Sigihart von Kraichgau.³ Graf im Kraichgau between 858 and 861.³ Graf im Kraichgau Sigihart von Kraichgau died after 861.

     Hardouin of Neustria was born circa 806. "Missus Dominicus" of Charles the Bald between 843 and 862.¹ Count of Neustria circa 850. He died before 862.¹

     Pandone, 4° Duca di Capua was born circa 810. He was the son of Landolfo I, Gastaldo di Capua, poi 1° Duca and N. N. of Benevento. 4th Duke of Capua at Italy between 861 and 862.¹ Pandone, 4° Duca di Capua died circa 862. He was the predecessor of Pandenolfo, 5° Duca di Capua; 5th Duke of Capua.¹

     Gobernador de Zaragoza Borja y Tudela Musá II al-Qawasi ibn Musá Banu Qasi styled himself "the third King of Spain," and was respected or feared by all his neighbours: Charles the Bald was willing to send him presents.³ He maintained his independence against both Franks and Arabs.³ He was born circa 775. He was the son of wali de Zaragoza Musá I ibn Fortún Banu Qasi and N. N. (?).^2,1 Gobernador de Zaragoza Borja y Tudela Musá II al-Qawasi ibn Musá Banu Qasi died in 862.³

     Also called King of Scots Donald I mac Alpin of Dál Riata.² Rex Pictorum Domnall mac Ailpín was brother and successor of Kenneth I MacAlpin. He was born circa 812. He was the son of King of Galloway Ailpín mac Echach of Dál Riata.² King of Picts and Scots between 858 and 863.³ Rex Pictorum Domnall mac Ailpín succeeded his brother, Kenneth I, in 859.⁴ 2nd King of Scots between 859 and 863.^4,2 Annals of Ulster 862: "Domnall son of Ailpín, king of the Picts, died. / Domnall m. Ailpin, rex Pictorum, mortuus est.¹
" He died in 862.^5,1

     Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia was related to Ašot I "the Great", King of Armenia; son of Smbat Ablabas Bagratuni.¹ Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia inherited Ayrarat.⁴ The Bagratids were more diplomatic than the Mamikonians in their dealings with their foreign overlords, and as governor, Smbat Ablabas Bagratuni remained loyal to the caliph.¹ Also called Smbat "the Confessor" of Armenia.⁵ Also called Smbat Xostovanogh, sparapet Xostovanogh = the Confessor.⁶ He was born circa 785. He was the son of Ašot Msaker, išxan of Armenia.^2,3 Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia was the successor of Ašot Msaker, išxan of Armenia; Marzpan of Armenia.⁷ Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia was the successor of Ašot I of Tao, Kuropalati; Prince of Armenia.^8,9 Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia married Hripsime (?).¹⁰ Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia succeeded his father Ashot Msaker and ruled for thirty-five years.⁷ Marzpan of Armenia at Transcaucasia between 818 and 853.⁷ He held the northern Bagratuni domains of Sper and Tayk' after 826.¹¹ "[Smbat] built the lavishly ornamented blessed chapel (k'awaran) at Erazgawors, which is presently called Shirakawan."⁷ He was co-ruler with Bagrat I of Tao, Kuropalati; (47th) curopalates.¹² Sparapet.⁴ Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia was the predecessor of Ašot I "the Great", King of Armenia; Prince of Princes.¹³ "Now Ja'far put Smbat into jail so that he renounce Christ; but instead of accepting the impious command, Smbat boldly confessed Christ, and was kept in that prison until he died. Smbat inherited the name "the Confessor". Many others were martyred for Christ, dying wickedly." Smbat VIII Ablabas, sparapet of Armenia died after 862 at Samarra.^14,15

     Also called comte, abbé Gorze Bivin des Francs.^4,3 Also called Buvinus.² Also called Budwine de Metz.⁵ Balduin, Graf von Metz was born circa 820. He was the son of Richard, Graf von Amiens.³ Balduin, Graf von Metz married Richardis von Arles, daughter of Boso, Graf von Arles, before 835.¹ Lay Abbot of Gorze at Moselle, Burgundy, France, between 842 and 862.^6,2 Balduin, Graf von Metz died in 863.^7,8

     Of Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge.¹ Rí Laigin Muirecán mac Diarmata Uí Fáeláin was born circa 829. He was the son of rí Airthir-Liphi Diarmait mac Ruadrach Ua Fáeláin.^2,1,3 Lord of Nas and Airther Life before 861.^4,5 King of Laigin at Leinster, Ireland, between 862 and 863.¹ Annals of Ulster 863: "Muirecán son of Diarmait, king of Nás and eastern Life, was killed by the Norsemen. / Murecan m. Diarmata, rex Naiss & Airthir Liphi, a Nordmannis interfechtus est."⁵ Rí Laigin Muirecán mac Diarmata Uí Fáeláin died in 863. "Muiregan, mac Diarmada, tighearna Náis & Airthir Life, do mharbhadh la Nortmannaibh." He was killed by Norsemen.^2,6,7,1,4

     Bishop of Mainz Carolus des Francs was born between 825 and 830.¹ He was the son of Pippin I, roi des Aquitains and Ringardis de Madrie.¹ Bishop of Mainz at Germany, Frankish Empire, between 856 and 863.¹ Bishop of Mainz Carolus des Francs died in 863.¹

     Comte de Angoulême Turpio de Angoulême was the son of N. N. de Poitou.¹ Count of Angoulême at Aquitaine, the Midi, France, before 863.¹ Comte de Angoulême Turpio de Angoulême died in 863. He was killed fighting Vikings.¹ He was the predecessor of Wulgrin I, comte d' Angoulême & de Perigord; Count of Angouléme.²

     Carolus, roi de Provence was the successor of Hlothar I, empereur auguste; King of Lotharingia. Carolus, roi de Provence was born in 845.^2,3 He was the son of Hlothar I, empereur auguste and Irmingard, Frankenkönigin, römische Kaiserin.^1,2 Carolus, roi de Provence succeeded his father to the territory of southeastern France, as king of Provence in 855.⁴ King of Provence at Frankish Empire between 29 September 855 and 863.⁴ He was a witness where Hlothar II, roi de Lotharingie annexed a portion of his late brothers Kingdom of Provence, adding the Rhône region to the Kingdom of Lorraine in 863.⁴ Carolus, roi de Provence was a witness where Hludowic II "le Jeune", empereur auguste annexed a portion of his late nephew Charles' Kingdom of Provence, adding the Provence region to the Kingdom of Italy in 863.⁴ Carolus, roi de Provence died on 24 January 863 at age 18 years.^2,1,3

     Konrad I "der Ältere", Graf im Linz- und Argengau was born circa 800.¹ He was the son of Graf im Schussen Welf von Altdorf and Heilwig des Franken.^5,1 Konrad I "der Ältere", Graf im Linz- und Argengau was a willing and energetic supporter of his sister, Judith, and her husband, Louis the Pious, and her son, Charles the Bald after 819.⁴ He married Adelaide, Gräfin im Argen- und Linzgau, daughter of Hugo, Graf von Tours and Ava, Gräfin von Tours, before 825; Her 1st.^1,6 Konrad I "der Ältere", Graf im Linz- und Argengau died on 16 February 863.⁴

     Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* was the son of Máel Ruanaid mac Donnchad, rí Midi.¹ The original hand of the Annals of Ulster indicates there were only 12 kings that could be properly titled "King of Ireland." Maelsechnail was the third of these 12.² Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* married Land ingen Dúngaile Uí Éremóin, daughter of tigherna Osraighe Dúngal mac Fergaile Uí Éremóin.³ Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* married N. N. (?); Another wife.⁴ Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* was recognised as king of Tara on the death of his predecessor Niall Caille in 846.⁵ King of Tara at Ireland in 847.⁵ Annals of Ulster 847: "(Mael Sechnaill son of Mael Ruanaid begins to reign.) / Mael Seclainn mc. Mael Ruanaigh regnare incipit.§."⁶ 167th High King of Ireland between 847 and 860.⁶ King Maelseachlainn calls a meeting of the chieftains of Ireland to establish peace and concord between the men of Ireland. In 857 at Rath Aedha Mic Bric, Ireland.⁷ He called a great meeting of the chieftains of Ireland to establish peace and concord between the men of Ireland in 857 at Rath Aedha Mic Bric.⁷ He was a witness where Áed Finnliath mac Néill, rí Ailech, Ard-rí na h'Éireann defended the North, with Flann, son of Conang, against an incursion by Maelseachlainn, High King of Ireland, and his host the men of Leinster, Munster and Connaught, and of the southern Ui Neill, but failed to gain a total victory in 858.⁸ Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* was a witness where Flannacán, rí Bregh defended the North, with Aedh Finnliath, son of Niall, against an incursion by Maelseachlainn, High King of Ireland, and his host the men of Leinster, Munster and Connaught, and of the southern Ui Neill, but failed to gain a total victory in 858.⁸ Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* led a host of the men of Leinster, Munster and Connaught, and of the southern Ui Neill, into the North, pitching a camp at Magh Dumha, in the vicinity of Ard Macha, where they were attacked by Aedh Finnliath, son of Niall, and Flann, son of Conang, and Maelseachlainn and his army manfully defended the camp in 858 at Ulster, Ireland.⁸ He was given assistance by Cearbhall, lord of Osraighe, against Aedh Finnliath, son of Niall, and Amhlaeibh, in 859.⁹ He gave battle to the foreigners of Ath Cliath, where many of the foreigners were slain by him, in 859.¹⁰ He was a witness where rí Osraige Cerball mac Dúngaile Uí Éremóin led an army into Meath to assist Maelseachlainn against Aedh, son of Niall, and Amhlaeibh, in 859.⁹ Annals of Ulster 862: "Mael Sechnailll son of Mael Ruanaid son of Donnchad son of Domnall son of Murchad of Mide son of Diarmait the Harsh son of Airmedach the One-eyed son of Conall of the Sweet Voice, son of Suibne son of Colmán the great son of Diarmait the red son of Fergus Wrymouth, king of all Ireland, died on the third feria, the second of the Kalends of December 30 Nov., in the 16th year of his reign. / Mael Sechnaill m. Mael Ruanaigh mc. Donnchadha mc. Domnaill mc Murchadha Midhi mc. Diarmada Den m. Oirmedhaigh Chaeich mc. Conaill Guthbhinn mc. Shuibhne mc. Colmain Moir mc. Diarmada Derg mc. Fergusa Cerrbeoil, ri h-Erenn uile, .ii. kl. Decimbris, .ii. feria, anno regni suo .xui., defunctus est."¹¹ Máel Sechnaill, rí Midi, *Ard-rí na h'Éireann* died on 13 November 863 at "860". He died during the first year of Constantine I of Scots rule. He died on the thirteenth day of November precisely, on Tuesday, after he had been sixteen years in the sovereignty. Of his death was sung:

1] Mournfully is spread
2] her veil of grief over Ireland,
3] Since the chieftain of our race has perished,
4] Maelseachlainn of the flowing Sinainn.

5] Many a moan in every place,
6] it is a mournful news among the Gaeidhil;
7] Red wine has been spilled into the valley,
8] Erin's monarch has died.

9] Though he was wont to ride the white stallion,
10] and many steeds of steady pace,
11] The only horse of Maelseachlainn this day
12] i.e. his bier I see behind two oxen.^12,13

     Also called Liutfrid d' Alsace.² Liutfried, Graf von Tours was born between 800 and 805.² He was the son of Hugo, Graf von Tours and Ava, Gräfin von Tours.² Liutfried, Graf von Tours died circa 864.²

     Herzog von Transjuranien. Also called Herbert of Burgundy.² Abt von St. Maurice. Hugbert, Herzog von Transjuranien was born circa 830. He was the son of Boso, Graf von Arles.¹ Hugbert, Herzog von Transjuranien was a supporter of his in-law, King Lothar II, stood against Welfen hegemony, and was attacked by Konrad II of Auxerre.¹ He died in 864 at near Orbe. He fell in battle.^1,3

     Audacer Flandrensis was born circa 810.³ He was the successor of Ingelramnus Flandrensis; Count of Flanders.¹ Audacer Flandrensis was the son of Ingelramnus Flandrensis.² Count of Flanders.¹ Audacer Flandrensis died in 864.³

     Also called Engeltrudis of Friuli.³ Judith von Friaul was born in 838.^3,4 She was the daughter of Eberhard, Markgraf von Friaul and Gisela des Francs.² Judith von Friaul married Markgraf in Friesland Heinrich I von Babenberg, son of Adalbert von Babenberg, before 850; His 1st.³ Judith von Friaul died after 864.^3,5

     Eberhard, Markgraf von Friaul was born circa 810.^4,5,6 He was the son of Unruoch, Graf von Ternois and Angiltrud (?).³ Margrave of Friuli at Italy between 828 and 866.⁷ Eberhard, Markgraf von Friaul married Gisela des Francs, daughter of Hludowic I Pius, empereur auguste and Judith, Fränkische Königin, in 836; 1st cousins, 1x removed.^8,3,9,10,5 Eberhard, Markgraf von Friaul died between 864 and 866.^5,11 Eberhard, Markgraf von Friaul was buried in Cysoing.³

     Pippin II, roi des Aquitains was born in 823.⁴ He was the son of Pippin I, roi des Aquitains and Ringardis de Madrie.^2,3,4 Pippin II, roi des Aquitains was a witness where Carolus II Calvus, empereur auguste given the Aquitaine kingdom by his father on his older brother, Pepin's death, but the magnates rose up and proclaimed Pepin II, the son of the dead king in 838.⁵ Pippin II, roi des Aquitains should have succeeded his father to the throne of Aquitaine in 838. King of Aquitaine at Frankish Empire between 13 December 838 and 859.⁶ Styled par la grâce de Dieu, roi des Aquitains. He defeated the emperor Charles II the Bald in 844.³ He witnessed the death of Nithgard "the Chronicler" de Montreuil on 14 June 844; He died in a battle against the forces of Pepin II of Aquitaine.⁷ Pippin II, roi des Aquitains gained the throne circa 845.³ He came into renewed conflict with the Emperor and took refuge with Sancho, Duke of the Gascons, before 852.³ He was handed over to Charles, tonsured, and relegated to a monastery in 852.³ He escaped and renewed the struggle over his claim to Aquitaine with Emperor Charles in 854.³ He was faced with the populace of Aquitaine no longer supporting him in 859.³ He became a wanderer, sometimes joining Viking raiders between 859 and 864.³ He was with a band of Vikings when he attacked Toulouse in 864.³ He died after June 864 at Senlis, Oise, France. He was captured soon after his attack on Toulouse and died during imprisonment.⁸

     Heligaud, comte de côtes maritime was born before 823. He was the son of Nithgard "the Chronicler" de Montreuil.² Heligaud, comte de côtes maritime died circa 866.³

     Also called Æthelbert Rex.² Æthelbert, King of the English was born circa 830. He was the son of Æthelwulf, King of the English and Osburh of Hampshire.^1,2 Æthelbert, King of the English married unknown (?) before 855.³ Æthelbert, King of the English succeeded his father as sub-King of Kent in 855.³ Sub-King of Kent between 855 and 866.^3,4 He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king, to Wulflaf, his minister; grant of 5 sulungs (aratra) at Wassingwell in exchange for 5 sulungs at Mersham, Kent, with conversion of the latter into folkland" in 858.⁵ He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex and Kent, to Wærmund, bishop; grant of land at Rochester with a marsh, in return for 15 pounds and 30 mancuses" in 860.⁴ He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex, to Osmund, his minister; grant of 3 sulungs (cassati) at Dinton, Wilt" in 860 at Somerton, Somerset.⁶ He succeeded his brother Ethelbald as King of Wessex in 860.³ King of Wessex at England between 860 and 866.^3,4 He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex and Kent, to Diernoth, abbot, and his familia; grant of 3 sulungs (aratra) at Martin, Kent" in 861 at Fregetburna (? = Freoricburna), Surrey.⁷ He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex and Kent, to Dryhtwald, minister; grant of 10 sulungs (aratra) at Bromley, Kent" in 862 at Willherestrio.⁸ He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex and Kent, to Æthelred, minister; grant of 9 sulungs (aratra) at Mersham, Kent, in return for 400 mancuses of gold" in 863 at Birenefeld.⁹ He appeared in a charter which read "Æthelberht, king of Wessex, to the church of Sherborne; grant of privileges" on 26 December 864 at Dorchester, Dorset.¹⁰ He placed the charter drafted 26 Dec 864, on the high alter at Sherborne in 865 at Good Friday.¹⁰ He died in 866.³ Æthelbert, King of the English was buried in Sherborne Abbey, England.³

     Ordoño Iº, rey de Asturias was the father of Alfonso III "el Magno", rey de Asturias; the son of Ordoño I.⁵ Also called rey Ordoño I Ramirez de Asturias y Galicia.^2,6 Ordoño Iº, rey de Asturias was born circa 815 at León.^7,6,2 He was the son of Ramiro Iº Bermúdez, rey de Asturias and señora gallega Gontrada (?).^2,3,4 Ordoño Iº, rey de Asturias married Nuña (?).^6,2,4 King of Asturias and Galicia at Spain between 850 and 866.^8,9,10,11 Ordoño Iº, rey de Asturias lent Asturian assistance to Toledo rebels against Muhammad I of Córdoba in 854.¹² He was a witness where Muhammad I ibn 'Abd al-Rahman, amir al-Qurtubi put down the perpetually rebellious Toledans, who were aided by an Asturian force sent by Ordoño I, in 854.¹² Ordoño Iº, rey de Asturias directed the settlement of the deserted towns of León, Astorga, Tuy, and Amaya with people fleeing al-Andalus, becoming thus king of León in 855.¹⁰ King of León at Spain between 855 and 866.^9,10 He died in 866 at Oviedo, Asturia, Spain.¹

     Gatón, conde del Bierzo was born circa 820. He was the son of Ramiro Iº Bermúdez, rey de Asturias and señora gallega Gontrada (?).¹ Gatón, conde del Bierzo married Egilo (?) before 850.¹ Gatón, conde del Bierzo died in 866.¹

     Caesar Bardas Mamikonean was born circa 817. He was the son of Marinos Mamikonean and Theoctista Phlorina of Paphlogonia.² Caesar Bardas Mamikonean was a witness where Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn connived at the murder of Theoctistus by his maternal uncle Bardas in November 855.³ Regent at Byzantine Empire between 856 and 866. Caesar Bardas Mamikonean was a witness where Basileios I Makedonios, basileus Rhomaiôn instigated the assassination of the Emperor's uncle, Caesar Bardas, in 866.^4,5 Caesar Bardas Mamikonean died in 866. He was assassinated, at the instigation of Basil I.

     Comte de Périgord Eremon de Poitou was the son of N. N. de Poitou.¹ Comte de Périgord Eremon de Poitou supported Pepin II and was deprived of his honorem of Poitou by Louis the Pious in 838.² He seems to have acquired the county of Périgord circa 840.¹ Count of Périgord at Aquitaine, the Midi, France, between 840 and 866.¹ He married N. N. de Gascogne, daughter of Sancho I Mittara, duque de Gascuña, before 860 at Périgord.³ Comte de Périgord Eremon de Poitou died in 866. He died fighting Landry de Saintes.¹

     Adelaide, Gräfin im Argen- und Linzgau was a sister-in-law of Emperor Lothar I.⁵ She was a daughter of Count Hugo and Ava.⁵ Also called Adelheid von Tours.⁵ Also called of Alsace. She was born circa 805. She was the daughter of Hugo, Graf von Tours and Ava, Gräfin von Tours.^3,4 Adelaide, Gräfin im Argen- und Linzgau married Konrad I "der Ältere", Graf im Linz- und Argengau, son of Graf im Schussen Welf von Altdorf and Heilwig des Franken, before 825; Her 1st.^3,4 Adelaide, Gräfin im Argen- und Linzgau died after 866.⁴

     Leon Argyropoulus died after 866.

     Roduna des Etichonen was born circa 810. She married Graf im Gau Ponthieu Rudolf I des Franken, son of Graf im Schussen Welf von Altdorf and Heilwig des Franken.¹ Roduna des Etichonen died after 866.¹

     Laienabt von St. Riquier und Jumiges.¹ Graf im Gau Ponthieu Rudolf I des Franken was a son of Count Welf and the Sachsen Heilwig, daughter of Count Isanbart.¹ He was born circa 804. He was the son of Graf im Schussen Welf von Altdorf and Heilwig des Franken.¹ Graf im Gau Ponthieu Rudolf I des Franken was a willing and energetic supporter of his sister, Judith, and her husband, Louis the Pious, and her son, Charles the Bald after 819.¹ He married Roduna des Etichonen.¹ Graf im Gau Ponthieu after 843.¹ Graf im Gau Ponthieu Rudolf I des Franken was a supporter of his nephew, King Charles II the Bald of France, who appointed him Count in the Ponthieu Valley after 843.¹ He was an ambassador in 856 at Aquitaine.¹ He died on 6 January 866.¹

     Lord of Herzfeld. Liudolf, dux was son of Count Brunhart (Brun?).¹ He was born between 805 and 820.³ He was the son of Count of Saxony Bruno von Sachsen and Oda (?).^2,1 Liudolf, dux married Oda Billung, Gräfin von Sachsen, daughter of Billung of Thuringia and Aeda des Francs, between 825 and 835.^4,5,6 "dux Orientalium Saxonum".⁷ Count of Saxony at German Empire between 844 and 866.⁸ Liudolf, dux was the predecessor of Brun, Herzog von Sachsen; Duke of Saxony.⁹ Liudolf, dux died on 12 March 866.^10,11 Liudolf, dux was buried in Brunohausen.

     Also called Renoul I.⁴ Also called Graf von Poitiers Ramnulf I von Poitiers.⁵ Also called Count Ranulf I of Poitou.⁴ Rannoux I, comte de Poitou was born in 815.⁶ He was the son of Gerard I, comte d' Auvergne and Mathilda des Francs.³ Rannoux I, comte de Poitou was given the county of Poitou by Louis the Pious in 838.⁷ Count of Poitou at France between 838 and 866.^3,8 He married Bilechild du Maine, daughter of Rorico, comte de Rennes et du Maine and Bilechild, Gräfin von Maine, in 845; Her 2nd.⁵ Rannoux I, comte de Poitou died on 5 July 866 at Brisarte at age 51 years. Slain by the Normans.⁹

     Äbtissin von Buchau und Chiemsee Ermengard des Ostfranken was born after 829. She was the daughter of Hludowic II Germanicus, roi and Königin des ostfränkischen Reiches Hemma von Altdorf.¹ Äbtissin von Buchau und Chiemsee between 857 and 866.¹ Äbtissin von Buchau und Chiemsee Ermengard des Ostfranken died on 16 July 866.¹

     Robert, Marquis of Neustria, represented the earliest male ancestor of the Capetian Dynasty known with any degree of certainty at the start of the twentieth century.¹ Also called Robert "der Tapfere", Graf von Paris.^2,3 Robert I "le Fort", duc de France also went by the name of Robert "the Strong".⁴ Also called Rutpert IV of Neustria. He was born between 815 and 820.⁵ He was was "seen" in 836. He was Count of various regions between the Seine and Loire rivers at France.⁴ He succeeded in checking the depredations of the Northmen, who were laying waste the settlements near the Loire, by his bold and inspiring military leadership.⁴ Lay-Abbot of St. Martin's at Tours between 845 and 25 July 866.⁶ He married N. N. de Laon.⁷ Marquis of Neustria between 852 and 866.¹ Robert I "le Fort", duc de France won a great victory over the Northmen in 865.⁴ He was a witness where Ingelger, comte d'Anjou entrusted with Anjou by Robert the Strong, and became the founder of the first Angevin dynasty before 866. Robert I "le Fort", duc de France controlled Maine, Anjou, and the Breton March for Charles the Bald, clearly having become the de facto ruler of Neustria (the lands between the Seine and the Loire) before 866. He was granted full control over Neustria in 866.⁴ He died on 15 September 866 at Brissarthe, north of Angers, France. He was killed in a skirmish against the Northmen, winning "a great battle" but being mortally wounded in the process.^4,2,8 He was the predecessor of Hugo "der Abt" von Argengau; Duke of Neustria.⁸

     Carolus "l' Enfant", roi des Aquitains also went by the name of Charles "the Infant". He was the successor of Pippin II, roi des Aquitains; King of Aquitaine.⁴ Carolus "l' Enfant", roi des Aquitains was born between 847 and 848.⁵ He was the son of Carolus II Calvus, empereur auguste and Ermentrudis d' Orléans.^1,3 Carolus "l' Enfant", roi des Aquitains succeeded his first cousin, Pepin II, to the throne of Aquitaine as his father, Charles the Bald, tried to pacify Aquitaine in 859.² King of Aquitaine at Frankish Empire between 859 and 866.^4,2 He died on 29 September 866 at near Buzançais, Inde, France. D.s.p.⁶ He was the predecessor of Hludowic II "le Bègue", roi; King of Aquitaine.² Carolus "l' Enfant", roi des Aquitains was buried in Cathedral of Saint-Sulpice de Bourges.³

     Magistros at Constantinople, Byzantium.²
"A 'descent from antiquity' is included here for him, partly for fun, and is one accepted by some scholars. While the specifics of the intervening generations may not be exactly correct, the line is likely true in principle. In the years between the early Roman Empire and the Crusades, Armenia and the other Caucasian states were on the frontier between the various permutations of the Roman Empire and the various rulers of Persia and Mesopotamia, the Parthians and Sassanians and then the Omayyad abd Abbasid Caliphs. Caught between these two giant millstones the various princely families of the Causasian states led precarious lives attempting to balance these constantly warring neighbors against each other. The histories and genealogies of these many princedoms and families are sporadic and in many cases incomplete. Nevertheless, I believe they represent, through their ties to the East Roman Empire, the best link between the dynasties of Medieval Europe and those of Antiquity. The Mamikonids, an ancient and noble Armenian family, doubtless intermarried with others of the ancient Armenian families, namely the Gregorids, Bagratids and Kamasarkans among others."¹
Magistros Bardas Mamikonean was born in 835.² He was the son of Konstantinos Mamikonean and Pancalo Bagrationi. Magistros Bardas Mamikonean died circa 867.²

     Galindo I Aznárez, conde de Aragón was born circa 810. He was the son of Aznar I Galíndez, conde de Aragón and Guldregut (?).^1,2,3 Galindo I Aznárez, conde de Aragón was the successor of García "el Malo" Galíndez, conde de Aragón; Count of Aragón.⁴ Galindo I Aznárez, conde de Aragón married Guldregut (?) before 840.^1,2 Count of Aragón at Kingdom of Navarre, Spain, between 844 and 867. Galindo I Aznárez, conde de Aragón died in 867.¹

     Máel Dúin mac Áeda, rí Ailech was the son of Áed Oirdnidhe mac Néill, rí Ailech, Ard-rí na h'Éireann and Maedhbh ingen Indrechtaich Síl Muiredaig.^2,1 Lord of Aileach before 865. Máel Dúin mac Áeda, rí Ailech became a monk before 865.³ Annals of Ulster 867: "Mael Dúin son of Aed, king of Ailech, died in religion after long suffering. / Mael Duin m. Aedha, rex Ailigh, in clericatu dolore extenso quieuit."⁴ He died in 867.⁴

     King at More.¹ Hunthiof of Møre married N. N. of Raumsdal, daughter of N. N. of Raumsdal.¹ Hunthiof of Møre died in 867 at the Battle at Solskel. Attacked by Halfdan Fairhair, who'd brought an army south, and killed in battle against him.¹

     Nokve of Raumsdal was the son of N. N. of Raumsdal.¹ King at Raumsdal.¹ Nokve of Raumsdal died in 867 at the Battle at Solskel. Attacked by Halfdan Fairhair, who'd brought an army south, and killed in battle against him.¹

     Adarnase II, Prince of Cholarzene-Tao was the son of Ašot I of Tao, Kuropalati.^1,2 Adarnase II, Prince of Cholarzene-Tao died between 867 and 881. He died in the year 94 of the "k'ronikoni."^3,4

     Ludwig, Abt von St. Denis was born circa 800.² He was the son of Rorico, comte de Rennes et du Maine and Hrothrudis des Francs. Ludwig, Abt von St. Denis died on 8 January 867.³

     Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was related to Leo VI Philosophos, basileus Rhomaiôn; the supposed son of Michael III, his mother Eudokia Ingerina's lover.⁶ Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was the successor of Theophilius "the Unfortunate", basileus Rhomaiôn; Emperor.^7,8,9 Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was born in 838 at Constantinople, Byzantine Empire.^10,5 He was the son of Theophilius "the Unfortunate", basileus Rhomaiôn and St. Theodora Mamikonean.^2,3,4,5 Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was a witness where Konstantinos Mamikonean an officer in the court of the Emperor Michael III after 842. Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn became a child emperor upon the death of his father, under the regency of his mother and her chief minister Theoctistus on 20 January 842.^8,5 St. Theodora Mamikonean was regent for Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn; Regent.^7,4 Emperor of the East at Byzantine Empire between 20 January 842 and 24 September 867.^10,9,11 He connived at the murder of Theoctistus by his maternal uncle Bardas in November 855.⁵ caesar Bardas Mamikonean was regent for Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn; Regent. He took over direct control of the government in March 856.⁵ He married Eudokia Dekapolitissa circa 860; His 1st. (w/o issue.).^10,2 Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was a witness where Basileios I Makedonios, basileus Rhomaiôn a handsome and physically powerful man who gained employment in influential official circles in Constantinople and was fortunate enough to attract the imperial eye of the reigning emperor, Michael III before 863.¹² Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn associated with Eudokia Ingerina, daughter of Inger the Scandanavian, before 866; Mistress.^13,10 Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn died on 23 September 867 at age 29 years. Stabbed to death, an assassination instigated by Basil I.^10,14,15,5 He was a witness where Basileios I Makedonios, basileus Rhomaiôn instigated the assassination of Michael III on 24 September 867.^15,12 Michael III "the Drunkard", basileus Rhomaiôn was the predecessor of Basileios I Makedonios, basileus Rhomaiôn; Emperor.^9,8,12 Although Michael was unstable and extremely cruel, many modern historians believe he was not so incompetent or so dissolute as the epithet "the Drunkard" would imply. This more modern view is supported to some extent by his record of victories over the Arabs. His faults were probably exaggerated by Byzantine historians who sought to find extenuating circumstances for the murder of Michael by Basil and his supporters.⁵