St. Stephens' District, SC - Steven J. Coker
Subject: St. Stephens' District, SC
From: Steven J. Coker
Date: September 06, 1998

RAMSAY'S HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
From ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT IN 1670 TO THE YEAR 1808.
by David Ramsay, M.D. 
Preface dated "Charleston, December 31st, 1808"
Published in 1858, by W.J. Duffie, Newberry, S.C.  
Reprinted in 1959, by the The Reprint Company, Spartanburg, S.C.   

Volume II, APPENDIX, pp 291-295
-=-=-=-=-=-=

No. II. - A Statistical Account of St. Stephens' District, drawn up principally
From the Communications of John Palmer, Esq.

St. Stephens District, situate about fifty miles to the northwest of
Charlestown, is bounded by the river Santee on the north, and on its other sides
by St. Johns and St. James Santee.  It was originally a part of St. James
Santee, and was divided from it about the year 1740.  The upper and lower part
of the parish was distinguished by the names of French and English Santee.  What
is now St. Stephens was called English Santee.  What is at present St. James,
was formerly called French Santee, from the circumstance that the first settlers
were French refugees who had fled from persecution after the revocation of the
edict of Nantz.  Among them was Philip Gendron, who left one son John Gendron,
born in Carolina, who commanded a company or the Charlestown militia.  This was
the only military force ordered from the capital against the Indians in the
Yamassee war of 1715.  He was sent to the Indian land, now Prince Williams, and
was in all the severe actions fought against the Indians, until a peace took
place.  At the time of his death, which was about the year 1754, he was the
eldest Colonel of militia in the then province, and was generally called
Brigadier Gendron.

OF INDIANS - THEIR ANTIQUITIES AND WARS.

Persons now living, remember that there were about thirty Indians, a remnant of
the Pedee and Cape Fair tribes, that lived in the parishes of St. Stevens and
St. Johns.  King Johnny was their chief.  There was another man among them of
the same tribe, who was called Prince.  Governor Lyttleton gave him a commission
of Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of the two tribes, which superseded
Johnny.  The latter took umbrage at the promotion of the former, and attempted
to kill him.  There were some shots exchanged but no mischief done.  The
neighbors interfered and made peace; but there never was, afterwards, any
cordial friendship between them.  All this remnant of these ancient tribes are
now extinct, except one woman of a half-breed.  There are several traces of
Indian mounds in the neighborhood of Pineville.  Some have been opened, and
fragments of bones and beads found in them.

In the Indian war of 1715, St. Johns and St. Stevens parishes were the frontiers
of the province.  In or near them were three forts, the first on Cooper river,
about three or four miles below Monk's Corner, on the plantation of Mr. Thomas
Broughton, called Mulberry.  One was on Mr. Daniel Ravenel's plantation, called
Wantoot.  Another was on a plantation of Mr. Izard's called Schinskins, on the
Santee River.  The garrison at Schinskins were all massacred in consequence of
their own imprudence and permitting a number of Indians to enter the fort under
the cloak of peace and friendship.  They concealed their tomahawks with their
blankets.  When they got in they butchered the whole of the garrison except one
negro, who jumped over the fort.  He ran to the garrison at Wantoot and gave the
alarm.  Col. Hyrne who was in that fort advanced with a party - surprised the
same body of Indians at Schinskins fort, and killed the whole of them.  They
were unguarded and engaged in feasting.  In this situation they were surprised
and cut to pieces.  Colonel Hyrne who commanded on this occasion was the
grandfather of the late Major Hyrne.

A similar act of perfidy on the part of the Indians was committed about the same
time a little above the Eutaws, at a place called Barker's Savannah.  The
commanding officer, Colonel Barker, from whose defeat the scene of action
acquired its name, was drawn into an ambuscade by the treachery of an Indian
named Wateree Jack, who, pretending friendship, allured the white people into a
snare.  In this action David Palmer was killed; and Edward Thomas,* the great
grandfather of the two present Dr. Thomas's, was wounded.  The cruelties and
perfidies of the Indians excited resentments in the minds of the settlers which
led to deeds unworthy of a civilized people.

----------------
* This gentleman after living about fifty years in St. Stephens parish, for
fifteen years of which period he never passed the limits of his plantation, went
to England and died there since the revolution, at the advanced age of ninety. 
He communicated the above particulars to Captain Palmer.
----------------

A man of the name of Donavan lived in the upper part of St. Johns, who stood his
ground all the time of this Indian war.  He had a strong log house, and a number
of large mastiff dogs at home in the day, and turned them out at night.  When
they killed an Indian, he gave them no provisions.  They soon acquired a habit
of feeding on the flesh of Indians when dead, and of attacking them when alive.

AGRICULTURE - FRESHETS

The inhabitants of St. Stephens began to cultivate indigo about the year 1754;
and cultivated it with success, particularly in Santee river swamp, until the
year 1784.  In the beginning of the latter year, St. Stephens was one of the
most thriving parishes in the State, and in point of size was the richest.  The
parish then had about five thousand negroes in it, but at present does not
contain half that number.  The white population has also diminished in a similar
proportion.  In 1776, '77, '78 the militia company mustered one hundred men
under arms; but there are not now above forty, exclusive of alarm men.  There
are at present many waste old fields both on the high-lands along the edge of
the river swamp and in the swamp, which thirty years ago were in the highest
state of cultivation, and produced luxuriant crops of corn, indigo and rice. 
This melancholy reverse is the effect of freshets.  These lands are uncommonly
fertile, and were successfully cultivated till the year 1784.  From that year
till 1796, very little was made near the Santee.  Many of the planters,
discouraged by a rapid succession of freshets, abandoned the plantations subject
to their baneful influence.  Since the year 1796 these freshets have diminished
in frequency and height; and the planters have successfully recommenced the
culture of corn and rice, and engaged in that of cotton.  The ground is found to
answer for the latter, and extraordinary crops have been lately made.

To account for the uncommon frequency of the freshets through a period of twelve
years is very difficult.  No record of anything similar since the year 1701 has
reached us.  In that year, we are informed by John Lawson, that a flood came
down the Santee which raised it thirty-six feet.  That none of equal magnitude
has occurred in the eighty-three years which followed, is probable from the
silence of records and tradition.  Within that period the upper country had been
settled and its lands cleared.  From its being more generally cultivated, some
inferred that the falling rain met with fewer obstructions in passing off from
the high land to the nearest rivers; and that these, with their enlarged streams
uniting in the Santee, precipitated over its banks a much larger body of water
than it ever could have received from above while the upper country was covered
with leaves, logs, trees, brush, and other impediments to the free passage of
rain and melted snow.  This doubtless may have had some influence, but is not
equal to the effect, for in that case the progressive clearing of the upper
country would have produced a correspondent and accumulating increase of water
in the rivers below, and a greater frequency of freshets, which is the reverse
of facts, especially since the year 1796.  Others suppose that the freshets are
the consequences of extreme wet or warm seasons in the upper country, which,
From the increase of rain and of melted snow, pour down torrents on the
subjacent plains.  The alternation of a series of wet and dry years is not
without precedent.  The cause is not precisely known, but the melancholy effects
are obvious.

RELIGION - LITERATURE - PINEVILLE.

St. Stephens has a large brick church built in 1769 and a wooden chapel.  There
is no clergyman at present, but the teacher of the Pineville academy performs
divine service every Sunday.  There have been four clergymen in the parish since
the peace of 1783.  First, the Rev. Mr. John Hurt - the second the Rev. Mr.
Farrel - the third the Rev. Mr. O'Farrel - the fourth the Rev. Mr. Connor.  The
first was from Virginia, and the other three from Ireland.  Pineville in St.
Stephens is a retreat for health in the summer and autumns.  It began to be
settled in 1794, and is about fifty-two miles to the northwest of Charlestown. 
It is situated on a level piece of pine land about five miles to the south of
the Santee, and two miles from the swamp; which is three miles deep to the
river.  Pineville contains twenty-two dwelling houses with an academy for
teaching the Latin and English languages.  The master has a salary of twelve
hundred dollars per annum, and a house found.  The school is confined to thirty
scholars, rates of schooling $50 per annum for subscribers' children, and $60
for non-subscribers; to be paid half yearly in advance.  The Pineville academy
is incorporated and under the superintendence of five trustees.  The tutor is
permitted to take boarders not to exceed sixteen, but is restrained from
demanding more than $100 per annum for boarding.  There are also two private
schools in the same place for the tuition of the smaller class of children.  The
white population of Pineville is 150; the greater part of them under the age of
sixteen.  The number of blacks is about 300.  The water is all from wells from
fourteen to eighteen feet deep.  It is very excellent, cold, and soft, being
filtered through white gravel and sand.

There is a quarry of stone on a piece of high land about a mile from Pineville. 
It is a hard brown stone very heavy and has the appearance of iron ore.  Colonel
Senf used some of the same kind of stone, procured near this quarry, for part of
the locks of the Santee Canal.  Nothing like it has yet been found in the low
country of Carolina.

AMUSEMENTS - HEALTH.

Dances commence in September, and there are generally from two to three in a
week in the season of residence in Pineville.  They are given by the inhabitants
nearly in rotation, with little ceremony and expense, but with great decorum and
propriety; and never continue later than eleven o'clock.

Pineville has been generally healthy.  There are in it but few cases of fevers,
and these are chiefly in the month of July.  Seldom any regular intermittents
originate there.  Those who expose themselves in visiting their plantations,
occasionally suffer in consequence of their imprudence.  There was a fever in
the summer of 1803, which proved fatal to six negroes in Pineville, and eleven
on the adjoining plantation; but scarcely affected white people.  The symptoms
of this fever were a violent head-ache and pain in the back - the pulse was
low.  The tongue was of a brown or deep red color, and when put out trembled
much.  A great weakness and dilirium generally attended.  The most successful
mode of treatment was to give in the first instance one or two emetics and
afterwards camphor, nitre and small snake-root.  When the patient was very low,
wine freely given seemed to be of the greatest service.  Bark was injurious. 
Few old negroes took the disease.

LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY.

Two of the natives and resident inhabitants are between sixty and seventy.  Of
the ninety years which Edward Thomas lived, more than one-half were spent in St.
Stephens.  The district is not remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants,
but there have been of late a few prolific marriages.  Five, six, seven and
eight children have been raised in some families within the last thirty years.

MANURE - FISH - STOCK - WILD BEASTS - TREES - MANUFACTURES.

The planters begin to be careful of their manure and to be sensible of the
utility of improving their lands.  The best and the most durable manure is
derived from herding cattle in pens.  This increases the fertility of the land
fourfold.  Cotton seed is also much used.  A pint of it put around or in a corn
hole adds greatly to the crop.  Santee river is well stored with fish,
particularly the trout and the bream.  There are also cat-fish, mud-fish,
rock-fish and sturgeon.  The inland creeks and ponds produce trout, perch, and
bream.  The stocks of cattle belonging to individuals and rarely exceed 150. 
They decrease in cold winters, but increase in such as are mild.  Few own more
than fifty head of sheep.  These are often destroyed by wolves.  Hogs are also
often killed by bears.  The swamps of Santee afford favorable retreats to these
and other wild beasts.  There are on an average from 100 to 150 pine trees on an
acre of ground.  Their ages vary, but in general they live about 200 years.  If
we may judge by their surrounding rings, a few approach their 400th year. 
Domestic manufactures begin to increase.  Some of the planters clothe their
negroes with homespun, and also manufacture coarse cloth from inferior cotton
for the envelopment of that commodity.

STORMS.

The parish of St. Stephens, in proportion to its distance from the sea, had its
full share of the calamities resulting from the hurricane of 1804.  From minor
storms it has frequently suffered.  One of the most remarkable and injurious was
on the 6th of June, 1801.  A cloud appeared to the northwest with thunder. 
Shortly after a storm came up with great violence, but without rain.  The cloud
had a redness like fire, and the dry dust thrown up was dreadful.  The wind
prostrated the fences.  The growing cotton was materially injured.  Its color
was changed to brown.  The tops were withered and blackened.  In St. Matthews
the storm was equally violent and blasted the corn and peas.  The peach and
plumb leaves had an adust black appearance.  The weeds and grass were also very
much injured.  During the storm the wind appeared to have a heat like the blast
of fire at a distance.  The mercury from being up at 96 degrees at one o'clock,
fell in less than five hours to 76.

EMINENT MEN.

Colonel Maham, a native of St. Stephens parish descended from Swiss ancestors
who had settled there early in the 18th century, made a distinguished figure in
the revolutionary war.  He was possessed of considerable natural talents as a
military man.  At the taking of fort Watson, on Scott's lake, General Marion
gave him the sole direction in carrying on the approaches and erection of a
battery for over-shooting the British fort.  At the taking of the fort at
Motte's above Belleville, General Marion gave to him the sole direction in
carrying on the approaches.  Both these enterprises were crowned with complete
success.  Major Pinckney, who examined the works after the surrender of the
fort, declared that they had been erected with as much correctness as if they
had been planned by the most experienced engineer.  The British thought so well
of him that they made him an offer of a regiment if he would join them.  Colonel
Maham also behaved very gallantly in sundry skirmishes, and particularly at
Watboo and Quinby bridges.

St. Stephens has given birth to John Gaillard, Senator, and Robert Marion,
Representative of Charlestown District in the Congress of the United States, and
also to Theodore Gaillard late Speaker of the House of Representatives of the
State, and at present one of the Judges of the Court of Equity.

SUFFERINGS FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.

St. Stephens was not the scene of any important action.  John Palmer, Sen., and
Joseph Palmer, the first sixty-six and the last fifty years old, were taken
prisoners in May, 1781, out of the house of the former by a party of tories -
carried to the British post at Bigin Church, and both confined for three days in
the family vault of the Colleton's.  The reason assigned by the captors was that
John Palmer, Sen., had two sons performing military duty with General Marion.

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